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Main menu
Distribution
Map uses TDWG level 3 distributions (https://github.com/tdwg/wgsrpd)
Seven species from the Lesser Antilles and Central America south through Brazil to Peru and Bolivia. (Dransfield, J., Uhl, N., Asmussen, C., Baker, W.J., Harley, M. & Lewis, C. 2008: Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms)A
Discussion
- Reproductive biology of Euterpe precatoria was studiedby Küchmeister et al. (1997).
Henderson (1999a) published a phylogenetic study of Euterpeinae (= Euterpeae sensu Genera Palmarum 2nd edition) based on morphology and anatomy. This clarified the differences between Euterpe and Prestoea, two genera that had been much confused previously. Euterpe differs in its pendulous pinnae and a lack of an ocrea, whereas Prestoea possesses an ocrea and does not have pendulous pinnae. (Dransfield, J., Uhl, N., Asmussen, C., Baker, W.J., Harley, M. & Lewis, C. 2008: Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms)A
Diagnosis
- Elegant solitary or clustering pinnate-leaved palms from Central and South America and the Caribbean, with tall graceful stems, and regularly and finely pinnate leaves; the inflorescences have grey-white rachillae. (Dransfield, J., Uhl, N., Asmussen, C., Baker, W.J., Harley, M. & Lewis, C. 2008: Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms)A
Biology And Ecology
- Occurring in lowland rain forest and montane forests and swamps, often along rivers, but sometimes at higher elevations. Euterpe has a wide altitudinal range occurring from swamps at very low elevation to 2500 m on mountain slopes. (Dransfield, J., Uhl, N., Asmussen, C., Baker, W.J., Harley, M. & Lewis, C. 2008: Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms)A
Etymology
- Named after one of the nine Muses of Greek mythology. (Dransfield, J., Uhl, N., Asmussen, C., Baker, W.J., Harley, M. & Lewis, C. 2008: Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms)A
Common Name
- Assai palms, manaco. (Dransfield, J., Uhl, N., Asmussen, C., Baker, W.J., Harley, M. & Lewis, C. 2008: Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms)A
Uses
- The‘cabbage’ is edible and much prized, being sweet andsucculent and the most common source of hearts of palm inthe Americas. Fruits of some species are used in preserves andbeverages. Unopened inflorescences are made into pickles.The hard outer part of the stem may be used as planks, andleaves for thatch. (Dransfield, J., Uhl, N., Asmussen, C., Baker, W.J., Harley, M. & Lewis, C. 2008: Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms)A
Description
- Moderate to large, solitary or clustered, unarmed, pleonanthic, monoecious palms. Stem erect, sometimes slender, obscurely to distinctly ringed with leaf scars, grey to white, base sometimes enlarged. Leaves few in crown, often spreading, pinnate; sheath elongate, tubular, forming a prominent crownshaft, smooth, variously glaucous, tomentose, or with scales, with or without a prominent, fibrous, adaxial ligule; petiole very short or absent, rarely elongate, slender, deeply concave adaxially, or flat with a central ridge, rounded abaxially, with scattered dark brown to blackish, branched scales or deciduous tomentum on both surfaces, usually denser adaxially; rachis slender, rounded abaxially, channelled adaxially near the base, distally angled, with dark brown to blackish scales more numerous adaxially; leaflets often ± pendulous, narrow, lanceolate, single-fold, tips long-attenuate, pointed, midrib conspicuous, 1 or 2 pairs of large veins also evident, deciduous tattered scales often prominent abaxially along midribs and larger veins, other elliptic scales present or absent abaxially and near the base adaxially, transverse veinlets not evident. Inflorescences axillary, infrafoliar at anthesis, erect in bud, branched to 1 order; peduncle short, often dorsiventrally compressed, covered with scales, tomentum, or hairs, minutely brown-dotted or rarely glabrous; prophyll tubular, elongate, flattened dorsiventrally, inserted obliquely near the base of the peduncle, chartaceous, with scattered sometimes black, tattered-peltate scales, or ± glabrous, margins with wide flat keels, tip usually rounded, splitting abaxially below the tip; peduncular bract about as long as or longer than the prophyll, tubular, chartaceous, with scales as on the prophyll, tip pointed, hard, a second, incomplete, rather long, pointed peduncular bract sometimes present; rachis longer than the peduncle, covered with dense white, yellow to dark red tomentum; rachillae moderate to long, often slender, becoming pendulous, usually covered with dense white, orange, or dark brownish tomentum, and bearing rather close or distant, spirally arranged bracts, the proximal somewhat elongate, pointed, the distal smaller, often rounded, each subtending a triad of flowers at the base or more distally on the rachilla a pair of staminate or a single staminate flower, the pistillate flower sunken in a pit and surrounded by 2 rounded, stiff bracteoles, one usually larger, the 2 staminate flowers of the triad in shallow indentations above the pistillate flower. Staminate flowers elongate, pointed in bud; sepals 3, distinct, broadly imbricate, irregular, rounded to ± pointed, margins often tattered; petals 3, distinct, unequal, asymmetrical, valvate, the tips with short solid points; stamens 6, filaments short, linear, sometimes wider basally, anthers elongate, sagittate, medifixed, latrorse; pistillode 3-lobed, columnar. Pollen ellipsoidal, with slight or obvious asymmetry; aperture a distal sulcus; ectexine tectate, finely perforate, or perforate and micro-channelled and rugulate, aperture margin similar or slightly finer; infratectum columellate; longest axis 35–57 µm [4/8]. Pistillate flowers ovoid; sepals 3, distinct, imbricate, margins often lacerate, from ca. 1/4 to 2/3 as long as the petals; petals 3, distinct, imbricate, margins irregular, tips with solid points; staminodes usually absent (present in Euterpe luminosa); gynoecium ovoid, unilocular, uniovulate, stigmas 3 short, fleshy, recurved, ovule probably hemianatropous, laterally attached. Fruit subglobose or rarely ellipsoid, small to moderate, single-seeded, stigmatic remains lateral to subapical; epicarp smooth, minutely pebbled when dry, mesocarp rather thin with radially arranged sclereid bundles and an inner layer of thin flat fibres, endocarp thin, crustaceous, tanniniferous. Seed globose, laterally attached, hilum elongate, ± 2-lobed, raphe branches forming a network, endosperm homogeneous or rarely ruminate; embryo subbasal. Germination adjacent-ligular; eophyll bifid or pinnate with narrow leaflets. Cytology: 2n = 36. (Dransfield, J., Uhl, N., Asmussen, C., Baker, W.J., Harley, M. & Lewis, C. 2008: Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms)A
Anatomy
- Leaf (Tomlinson 196l, Roth 1990); root, leaflets,and fruits of Euterpe oleracea (Elias de Paula 1975); stems, leavesand roots (Henderson and Galeano 1996), root (Seubert 1998a,1998b), and fruit (Moegenburg 2003). (Dransfield, J., Uhl, N., Asmussen, C., Baker, W.J., Harley, M. & Lewis, C. 2008: Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms)A
Fossil record
- No generic records found. (Dransfield, J., Uhl, N., Asmussen, C., Baker, W.J., Harley, M. & Lewis, C. 2008: Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms)A
Relationships
- Euterpe is monophyletic (Henderson 1999a).The genus is resolved as sister to a clade of Neonicholsonia,Oenocarpus and Prestoea with moderate support (Asmussen etal. 2006, Baker et al. in review), or as sister to all Euterpeae(Henderson 1999a). (Dransfield, J., Uhl, N., Asmussen, C., Baker, W.J., Harley, M. & Lewis, C. 2008: Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms)A
Taxonomic accounts
- Henderson and Galeano (1996). (Dransfield, J., Uhl, N., Asmussen, C., Baker, W.J., Harley, M. & Lewis, C. 2008: Genera Palmarum. The evolution and classification of palms)A
Use Record
- Euterpe Mart.: Alimento. Fruto. Medicinal. Raíz. (…). Dentro de las prácticas medicinales las palmas también presentan un papel esencial, e este caso se encuentran 5 especies de las cuales su raíz es usada en infusiones y bebidas para la curación de la malaria, problemas con la orina y como purgantes; el cogollo de la Bacaba es usado en la curación para la picadura de alacrán. (Forero, M.C. 2005: Aspectos etnobotánicos de uso y manejo de la familia Arecaceae (palmas) en la comunidad indígena Ticuna de Santa Clara de Tarapoto, del resguardo Ticoya del municipio de Puerto Nariño, Amazonas, Colombia.)
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Medicinal and Veterinary Urinary system Root Indigenous Tikuna Colombia Medicinal and Veterinary Digestive system Root Indigenous Tikuna Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Tikuna Colombia Medicinal and Veterinary Digestive system Root Indigenous Tikuna Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Tikuna Colombia Medicinal and Veterinary Infections and infestations Root Indigenous Tikuna Colombia Medicinal and Veterinary Urinary system Root Indigenous Tikuna Colombia Medicinal and Veterinary Infections and infestations Root Indigenous Tikuna Colombia - Euterpe Mart.: Commonly protected species. (Irvine, D. 1989: Succesion Management and Resource Distribution in an Amazonian Rain Forest)
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Environmental Agroforestry Entire plant Indigenous Quichua Ecuador Environmental Agroforestry Entire plant Indigenous Quichua Ecuador - Euterpe Mart.: El estipe entero se usa en la construcción de ranchos, especialmente para las "azoteas" o barbacoas al aire libre, tablado que hay detrás de las casas en regiones muy pantanosas para satisfacer las necesidades de eliminación; en la confección de gallineros y otras obras, y hendido, a modo de esterilla, para las paredes. Las hojas se usan a veces en el cubrimiento de chozas, y se dice que la cobertura queda muy espesa. De los frutos se prepara una bebida similar a la «leche» de Jessenia; queda de color morado, si los frutos se usan enteros, y blanca si se remueve de ellos previamente mediante frotación manual, el epicarpo. (*). (Patiño,V.M. 1977: Palmas oleaginosas de la costa colombiana del Pacífico)
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Construction Thatch Entire leaf Not identified N/A Colombia Construction Houses Stem Not identified N/A Colombia Construction Thatch Entire leaf Not identified N/A Colombia Human Food Beverages Fruits Not identified N/A Colombia Human Food Beverages Fruits Not identified N/A Colombia Construction Houses Stem Not identified N/A Colombia - Euterpe Mart.: El fruto, el cogollo y el estípite. Con el fruto maduro, en agua tibia, se prepara chicha; cahuana y se toma como bebida regrescante o el cogollo fresco también se consume; el estípite se abre para construir el cerco de la maloca. Comestible-frutal-construcción de vivienda. Animales consumidores: El fruto es consumido por la pava colorada, la pava negra, los picones, el guaro, el cerrillo y por el puerco de monte. (La Rotta, C., P. Miraña,M. Miraña, B. Miraña,M. Miraña, and N. Yucuna 1987: Estudio etnobotánico sobre las especies utilizadas por la comunidad indígena Miraña, Amazonas, Colombia)
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Animal Food Wildlife attractant Fruits Indigenous Miraña Colombia Human Food Food Palm heart Indigenous Miraña Colombia Environmental Fences Stem Indigenous Miraña Colombia Environmental Fences Stem Indigenous Miraña Colombia Human Food Food Palm heart Indigenous Miraña Colombia Human Food Beverages Fruits Indigenous Miraña Colombia Animal Food Wildlife attractant Fruits Indigenous Miraña Colombia Human Food Beverages Fruits Indigenous Miraña Colombia - Euterpe Mart.: Los chamí comen el cogollo o churkin (palmito). De la palma se hacen virotes o dardos y extractores de veneno. Cuando se seca sirve para leña. (Cayón, E., and S. Aristizábal 1980: Lista de plantas utilizadas por los indígenas Chami de Risaralda)
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Fuel Firewood Stem Indigenous Emberá Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Not specified Indigenous Emberá Colombia Human Food Food Palm heart Indigenous Emberá Colombia Medicinal and Veterinary Poisonings Not specified Indigenous Emberá Colombia Human Food Food Palm heart Indigenous Emberá Colombia Medicinal and Veterinary Poisonings Not specified Indigenous Emberá Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Not specified Indigenous Emberá Colombia Fuel Firewood Stem Indigenous Emberá Colombia - Euterpe Mart.: Los frutos de esta palma son sometidos al mismo proceso de "maduración" descrito para el milpeso. La única diferencia respecto al milpeso es que el fruto tiene muy poca carne como para chupar la pepa directamente una vez cocinado. (Ortiz, R. 1994: Uso, conocimiento y manejo de lagunos recursos naturales en el mundo Yucuna (Mirití-Paraná, Amazonas, Colombia).)
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Human Food Beverages Fruits Indigenous Yucuna Colombia Human Food Beverages Fruits Indigenous Yucuna Colombia - Euterpe Mart.: Palm heart edible ( Prestoea sp., Euterpe spp., Iriartea deltoidea, Socratea exorrhiza, Ammandra sp.). (Balslev, H., and A. Barfod 1987: Ecuadorean palms- an overview)
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Human Food Food Palm heart Not identified N/A Ecuador Human Food Food Palm heart Not identified N/A Ecuador - Euterpe Mart.: Palma de unos 15 mts de alto, frutos globosos dispuestos en racimos, de color negro cuando están maduros, comestibles. Los cogollos se consumen sin ninguna preparación. De los frutos se obtiene bebida refrescante y puede dejarse fermentar para obtener saxa. (…). Palma de madera liviana para construccíon. Con las hojas se hacen los techos de las viviendas. Aún se usan cuando no se consiguen las tejas de zinc. (…). Productos comestibles. Madera construcción. (…). Cultivada. Construcción; leña, alimento. Tronco. Hojas, fruto. (Garzón, N.C. 1985: Aproximación etnobotánica en la comunidad Guayabero de Barrancion-Guaviare)
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Human Food Beverages Fruits Indigenous Guayabero Colombia Human Food Beverages Fruits Indigenous Guayabero Colombia Fuel Firewood Stem Indigenous Guayabero Colombia Environmental Agroforestry Entire plant Indigenous Guayabero Colombia Fuel Firewood Stem Indigenous Guayabero Colombia Construction Thatch Entire leaf Indigenous Guayabero Colombia Construction Houses Stem Indigenous Guayabero Colombia Human Food Food Palm heart Indigenous Guayabero Colombia Human Food Food Palm heart Indigenous Guayabero Colombia Environmental Agroforestry Entire plant Indigenous Guayabero Colombia Construction Houses Stem Indigenous Guayabero Colombia Construction Thatch Entire leaf Indigenous Guayabero Colombia - Euterpe Mart.: Palmito / heart of palm. (...). The roof is thatched with fronds of different palms, among them Orbignya, Euterpe, Jessenia, Prestoea and Chalar (Geonoma). (Orejuela, J.E. 1992: Traditional productive systems of the Awa (Cuaiquer) indians of soutwestern Colombia and neighboring Ecuador)
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Human Food Food Palm heart Indigenous Awá Colombia Construction Thatch Entire leaf Indigenous Awá Colombia Construction Thatch Entire leaf Indigenous Awá Colombia Human Food Food Palm heart Indigenous Awá Colombia - Euterpe Mart.: Planta comestible recolectada. Parte comestible, corazón. (Chirif, A. 1978: Salud y nutrición en sociedades nativas)
- Euterpe Mart.: Planta comestible recolectada. Parte comestible, corazón. (Chirif, A. 1978: Salud y nutrición en sociedades nativas)
- Euterpe Mart.: Planta comestible recolectada. Parte comestible, fruto. (Chirif, A. 1978: Salud y nutrición en sociedades nativas)
- Euterpe Mart.: Planta semi-cultivadas (protegidas). Parte comestible, frutos, hojas. (Chirif, A. 1978: Salud y nutrición en sociedades nativas)
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Human Food Food Entire leaf Indigenous Aguaruna Peru Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Aguaruna Peru Human Food Food Entire leaf Indigenous Aguaruna Peru Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Aguaruna Peru Human Food Food Palm heart Indigenous Aguaruna Peru Human Food Food Palm heart Indigenous Aguaruna Peru Environmental Agroforestry Entire plant Indigenous Aguaruna Peru Human Food Food Palm heart Indigenous Aguaruna Peru Human Food Food Palm heart Indigenous Aguaruna Peru Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Aguaruna Peru Environmental Agroforestry Entire plant Indigenous Aguaruna Peru Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Aguaruna Peru - Euterpe Mart.: Refresco. (Vasquez, R., and A.H. Gentry 1989: Use and misuse of forest-harvested fruits in the Iquitos area)
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Human Food Beverages Fruits Not identified N/A Peru Human Food Beverages Fruits Not identified N/A Peru - Euterpe Mart.: The dead trunks of all palm trees, including Ireartea, Euterpe, Mauritia, and Jessenia, all attract palm weevils. (…). The leaflets of Orbygnia, Euterpe, and Astrocaryum are used to weave floor mats and fans, using a number of differen weave types. (Alexiades, M.N. 1999: Ethnobotany of the Ese Ejja: plants, health, and change in an amazonian society)
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Other N/A Stem Indigenous Ese Ejja Bolivia Utensils and Tools Domestic Entire leaf Indigenous Ese Ejja Bolivia Utensils and Tools Domestic Entire leaf Indigenous Ese Ejja Bolivia Utensils and Tools Domestic Entire leaf Indigenous Ese Ejja Peru Utensils and Tools Domestic Entire leaf Indigenous Ese Ejja Peru Other N/A Stem Indigenous Ese Ejja Bolivia Other N/A Stem Indigenous Ese Ejja Peru Other N/A Stem Indigenous Ese Ejja Peru - Euterpe Mart.: The root of this palm is crushed and boiled and the decotion is take thrice daily to treat malarian fever. (Schultes, R.E., and R.F. Raffauf 1990: The healing forest- Medicinal and toxic plants of the Northwest Amazonia)
- Euterpe Mart.: The thin mesocarp, triturated with water, forms a creamy sweetish beverage similar to that from fruits of Euterpe (Spruce). (Macbride, J.F. 1960: Flora of Peru Vol. XIII Part 1 Nº 2)
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Human Food Beverages Fruits Not identified N/A Peru Human Food Beverages Fruits Not identified N/A Peru - Euterpe Mart.: Un segundo ejemplo de refinamiento lo tenemos en las especies básicas para la obtención de sal (componente básico en la preparación del tabaco líquido o ambil). (…). Luego vienen otras especies pero con espinas. Son palmas como erere, bar y komsña, jar na es la palma que más sal preduce de todas las especies. Caracterizan sus contenidos en la corteza, los cogollos y los racimos de frutas, Otras palmas reconocidas son it ma, k nena, ñek na. (…). La pepa es rica para preparar chicha y caguana, de la palma se sacan yaripa para la casa. (Garzón, C., and V. Macuritofe 1992: La noche, las plantas y sus sueños: Aproximación al conocimiento botánico en una cultura amazónica)
- Euterpe Mart.: Uso alimenticio. Frutos. (Descola, P. 1989: La selva culta- Simbolismo y praxis en la ecología de los Achuar)
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Achuar Ecuador Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Achuar Ecuador
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