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Distribution
North of the Amazon river in Colombia (Amazonas, Vaupes), Venezuela (Amazonas), and Brazil (Amazonas); low land rain forest either on terra firme or rarely in inundated areas, 120-600 m elevation (Henderson, A.J., Bactris (Palmae) in Flora Neotropica Monographs 79. 2000)A
Discussion
- Bactris balanophora is diagnosed by its ovoid or obovoid fruits, and flattened, adherent endocarp fibers. Sanders (1991) reported that stems in this species were greater than 6 cm diameter, but the specimens examined here have stems much more slender than this. Sanders considered that the staminate petals were completely connate, but the staminate flowers of Spruce 53 (the type) and Cuatrecasas 7181 are typical of other Bactris in having the petals connate for only about half their length.
This species is remarkable in having pilose leaf spines. It is similar in this, and some other respects to Bactris ptariana, and the two species may be closely related (although placed far apart by Sanders). Because of this similarity, Henderson (1995) and Henderson et al. (1995) confused some specimens of the two species and mistakenly reported and mapped B. balanophora in Guyana (from where it is not known) (Henderson, A.J., Bactris (Palmae) in Flora Neotropica Monographs 79. 2000)A
Common Name
- Colombia: chontaduro paso, chontilla, ho-tá-ñe (Makuna), oo-chee-an (Maku), ya-yo-(e)r(u) (Huitoto). Venezuela: ceguera, cubarro, espina de sardina, pijiwau de monte (Henderson, A.J., Bactris (Palmae) in Flora Neotropica Monographs 79. 2000)A
Description
- Stems cespitose, forming clumps of 2-6 stems, 1.5-7 m tall, 2-3 cm diam., spiny on the internodes.
Leaves 5-8; leaf spines in distinct clusters, black, somewhat flattened, pilose, to 6(-15) cm long, few to many on sheath, lateral surfaces of petiole and rachis; sheath 30-58 cm long; ocrea to 10 cm long; petiole 40-60 cm long; rachis 0.6-1.1 m long; pinnae 15-21 per side, irregularly arranged in loose clusters of 2- 5, often with gaps between the clusters, spreading in slightly different planes, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or usually with sparse, fine spinules abaxially; middle pinnae 34-58 x 2-4.5 cm.
Inflorescences infrafoliar among persistent leaf sheaths; peduncle 9-11 cm long, recurved, spinulose; prophyll 12-13 cm long; peduncular bract 21-25 cm long, moderately to densely covered with stiff, black spines to 1 cm long; rachis 2-3 cm long; rachillae (5-)7-15, 10-11 cm long, at anthesis densely covered with whitish, flexuous trichomes; triads irregularly arranged among paired or solitary staminate flowers; staminate flowers 2.5-4 mm long; sepal lobes 1-1.5 mm long; petals 2.5-4 mm long; stamens 6; pistillode absent; pistillate flowers to 3 mm long; calyx cupular, 0.8 mm long; corolla tubular, to 3 mm long, densely covered with stiff, whitish trichomes; staminodes absent; fruits 1.3-1.7 x 0.7-0.8 cm, ovoid or obovoid, not rostrate, orange at maturity; mesocarp starchy; endocarp obovoid, the sterile pores slightly displaced longitudinally; endocarp fibers flattened, adherent to endocarp, anastomosing; fruiting perianth with short, smooth-margined calyx and longer, entire-margined corolla densely covered with trichomes, without staminodial ring (Henderson, A.J., Bactris (Palmae) in Flora Neotropica Monographs 79. 2000)A
Use Record
- Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace: Alim.-Art. En la categoría de uso artesanal se reportan 19 especies, cifra muy baja si se compara con las 84 especies utilizadas en el departamento del Amazonas Cárdenas & López (2000). Entre estas se encuentran el papelillo (Couratari guianensis), el cumare (Astrocaryum aculeatum) como productoras de fibras (…). (Cárdenas, D., and J.G. Ramírez 2004: Plantas útiles y su incorporación a los sistemas productivos del Departamento del Guaviare ( Amazonia Colombiana) (as Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace))
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Utensils and Tools Other Spear leaf Not identified N/A Colombia Utensils and Tools Other Spear leaf Not identified N/A Colombia Utensils and Tools Other Spear leaf Not identified N/A Colombia - Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace: Alimentación humana. Utensilios y otras herramientas de uso doméstico. (…). (…) indirecta como el caso de las palmas Mauritia flexuosa y Astrocaryum aculeatum a partir de las cuales se obtienen las larvas de los coleópteros denominadas "mojojoy" que se alimentan de los troncos que han sido derribados para este fin.(…). Tejen chinchorros con las fibras extraídas de las hojas de Astrocaryurn aculeatum que tiñen (…). (Sánchez, M., and P. Miraña 1991: Utilización de la vegetación arbórea en el Medio Caquetá: 1. El árbol dentro de las unidades de la tierra, un recurso para la comunidad Miraña (as Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace))
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Other N/A Stem Indigenous Miraña Colombia Other N/A Stem Indigenous Miraña Colombia Other N/A Stem Indigenous Miraña Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Spear leaf Indigenous Miraña Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Spear leaf Indigenous Miraña Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Spear leaf Indigenous Miraña Colombia - Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace: Alimentación. Fruto. Combustible. Tronco, hoja. Construcción de vivienda. Tronco. Armas. Cogollo. Cordelería. Cogollo. Recipientes y artefactos domésticos. Cogollo. Instrumentos musicales. Cogollo. Pesca. Hoja. Piezas de caza que la especie atrae. Cebus apella. (Morcote-Ríos, G., G. Cabrera-Becerra et al. 1998: Las palmas entre los grupos cazadores-recolectores de la Amazonia colombiana (as Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace))
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Utensils and Tools Domestic Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Cultural Recreational Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Animal Food Wildlife attractant Not specified Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Rope Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Fuel Firewood Entire leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Animal Food Wildlife attractant Not specified Indigenous Nukak Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Nukak Colombia Fuel Firewood Stem Indigenous Nukak Colombia Cultural Recreational Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Entire leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Cultural Recreational Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Fuel Firewood Entire leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Construction Houses Stem Indigenous Nukak Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Nukak Colombia Construction Houses Stem Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Rope Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Animal Food Wildlife attractant Not specified Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Rope Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Fuel Firewood Stem Indigenous Nukak Colombia Fuel Firewood Entire leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Construction Houses Stem Indigenous Nukak Colombia Fuel Firewood Stem Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Entire leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Entire leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia - Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace: Alimento. Fruto. Artesanias. Semilla. Construcción. Hoja. (Forero, M.C. 2005: Aspectos etnobotánicos de uso y manejo de la familia Arecaceae (palmas) en la comunidad indígena Ticuna de Santa Clara de Tarapoto, del resguardo Ticoya del municipio de Puerto Nariño, Amazonas, Colombia. (as Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace))
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Construction Thatch Entire leaf Indigenous Tikuna Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Tikuna Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Tikuna Colombia Cultural Personal adornment Seeds Indigenous Tikuna Colombia Construction Thatch Entire leaf Indigenous Tikuna Colombia Cultural Personal adornment Seeds Indigenous Tikuna Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Tikuna Colombia Construction Thatch Entire leaf Indigenous Tikuna Colombia Cultural Personal adornment Seeds Indigenous Tikuna Colombia - Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace: El uso más importante se obtiene de las hojas; de las fibras de las hojas jóvenes se hacen cuerdas de extraordinaria dureza, que son utilizadas para hacer hamacas, chinchorros, canastas e inmumerables artículos derivados; las pinnas completas son también utilizadas para fabricar escobas. El mesocarpio carnoso de los frutos maduros es consumido, al igual que la semilla. Los cuescos vacios (endocarpios) son utilizados, entre otras cosas, como recipientes para guardar el ambil de tabaco. (Galeano, G. 1992: Las palmas de la región de Araracuara (as Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace))
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Utensils and Tools Domestic Seeds Not identified N/A Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Seeds Not identified N/A Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Spear leaf Not identified N/A Colombia Human Food Food Seeds Not identified N/A Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Seeds Not identified N/A Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Spear leaf Not identified N/A Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Entire leaf Not identified N/A Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Not identified N/A Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Entire leaf Not identified N/A Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Not identified N/A Colombia Human Food Food Seeds Not identified N/A Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Entire leaf Not identified N/A Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Not identified N/A Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Spear leaf Not identified N/A Colombia Human Food Food Seeds Not identified N/A Colombia - Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace: Food,bait. Fruits. Bows. "Wood". Baskets. Leaves. (Boom, B.M. 1986: The Chacobo indians and their palms (as Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace))
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Animal Food Fish bait Fruits Indigenous Chacobo Bolivia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Stem Indigenous Chacobo Bolivia Animal Food Fish bait Fruits Indigenous Chacobo Bolivia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Stem Indigenous Chacobo Bolivia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Chacobo Bolivia Utensils and Tools Domestic Entire leaf Indigenous Chacobo Bolivia Animal Food Fish bait Fruits Indigenous Chacobo Bolivia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Chacobo Bolivia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Stem Indigenous Chacobo Bolivia Utensils and Tools Domestic Entire leaf Indigenous Chacobo Bolivia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Chacobo Bolivia Utensils and Tools Domestic Entire leaf Indigenous Chacobo Bolivia - Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace: La madera muy dura y fibrosa se usa para construcciones rústicas, los nativos la usaban para la fabricación de arcos y flechas. Sus frutos son consumidos por los nativos, tanto su mesocarpo en maduro como sus semillas aún blandas inmaduras. (Moreno Suárez, L., and O.I. Moreno Suárez 2006: Colecciones de las palmeras de Bolivia (as Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace))
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Human Food Food Seeds Indigenous Not specified Bolivia Human Food Food Seeds Indigenous Not specified Bolivia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Not specified Bolivia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Stem Indigenous Not specified Bolivia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Not specified Bolivia Construction Houses Stem Not identified N/A Bolivia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Not specified Bolivia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Stem Indigenous Not specified Bolivia Human Food Food Seeds Indigenous Not specified Bolivia Construction Houses Stem Not identified N/A Bolivia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Stem Indigenous Not specified Bolivia Construction Houses Stem Not identified N/A Bolivia - Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace: Las hojas nuevas son usadas para propósitos artesanales: para tejer sombreros. Los frutos y el endosperma inmaduro son comestibles. (Moraes, M. 1991: Contribución al estudio del ciclo biológico de la palma Copernicia alba en un área ganadera (Espíritu, Beni, Bolivia) (as Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace))
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Human Food Food Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia Human Food Food Seeds Not identified N/A Bolivia Human Food Food Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia Human Food Food Seeds Not identified N/A Bolivia Cultural Cloth and accessories Entire leaf Not identified N/A Bolivia Human Food Food Seeds Not identified N/A Bolivia Cultural Cloth and accessories Entire leaf Not identified N/A Bolivia Cultural Cloth and accessories Entire leaf Not identified N/A Bolivia Human Food Food Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia - Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace: Los frutos son comestibles tras quitarles la cáscara espinosa. Las hojas proporcionan muy buena fibra con la que pueden confeccionarse sombreros y cuerdas. Sólo se utilizan las hojas jóvenes en crecimiento, que se encuentrar en el centro de pequeñas tucumas. No es necesario derribar la palma para hacerse como estas hojas. (…). Los frutos proporcionan un aceite excepcional, usado tanto para cocinar como para tratar infecciones pulmonares. Se preparar como el aceite de majo. (Proctor, P., J. Pelham, B. Baum, C. Ely, M.A. Rogríguez-Girones 1992: Expedición de la Universidad de Oxford a Bolivia. Investigación etnobotánica de las Palmae en el noroeste del departamento de Pando. 25 junio-7 de septiembre de 1992. Informe final: Sección B. (as Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace))
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Human Food Oils Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia Medicinal and Veterinary Respiratory system Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia Human Food Food Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia Cultural Cloth and accessories Entire leaf Not identified N/A Bolivia Human Food Food Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia Utensils and Tools Rope Entire leaf Not identified N/A Bolivia Human Food Food Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia Cultural Cloth and accessories Entire leaf Not identified N/A Bolivia Human Food Oils Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia Medicinal and Veterinary Respiratory system Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia Utensils and Tools Rope Entire leaf Not identified N/A Bolivia Human Food Oils Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia Utensils and Tools Rope Entire leaf Not identified N/A Bolivia Cultural Cloth and accessories Entire leaf Not identified N/A Bolivia Medicinal and Veterinary Respiratory system Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia - Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace: Objetos para actividades agrícolas, caza y pesca. Objetos para almacenar, transportar y procesar alimentos. Atuendos y accesorios corporales. Ceremoniales. Instrumentos musicales. Objetos para uso doméstico. (Cadena-Vargas, C., M. Diazgranados-Cadelo, and H. Bernal-Malagón 2007: Plantas útiles para la elaboración de artesanías de la comunidad indígena Monifue Amena (Amazonas, Colombia) (as Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace))
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Cultural Ritual Not specified Indigenous Not specified Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Not specified Indigenous Not specified Colombia Cultural Personal adornment Not specified Indigenous Not specified Colombia Cultural Ritual Not specified Indigenous Not specified Colombia Cultural Recreational Not specified Indigenous Not specified Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Not specified Indigenous Not specified Colombia Cultural Ritual Not specified Indigenous Not specified Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Not specified Indigenous Not specified Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Not specified Indigenous Not specified Colombia Cultural Personal adornment Not specified Indigenous Not specified Colombia Cultural Personal adornment Not specified Indigenous Not specified Colombia Cultural Recreational Not specified Indigenous Not specified Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Not specified Indigenous Not specified Colombia Cultural Recreational Not specified Indigenous Not specified Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Not specified Indigenous Not specified Colombia - Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace: Se come el coco fresco y asado. También se come el cogollo. Nace mojojoy. Se puede hacer un pilón de coca, bolsas, cernidor, hamacas, chinchorros, manillas y muñeca para niñas. También sirve para decorar. Anteriormente se utilizó como anzuelo tradicional haciendo "náilon" de cumare para pescar. Sirve para flecha y del cogollo se saca sal, purgante para matar ameba y antibiótico. El cogollo mata marrano, sí lo comen. (…). Se come la fruta y se hace sal vegetal para el ambíl. Se quema para sacar sal de la ceniza. (Kronik, J. et al. 1999: Fééjahisuu. Palmas de los Nietos de la Tierra y Montaña Verde del Centro (as Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace))
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Cultural Personal adornment Not specified Indigenous Muinane Colombia Cultural Cloth and accessories Not specified Indigenous Muinane Colombia Cultural Recreational Palm heart Indigenous Muinane Colombia Human Food Food Palm heart Indigenous Muinane Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Muinane Colombia Medicinal and Veterinary Infections and infestations Palm heart Indigenous Muinane Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Muinane Colombia Medicinal and Veterinary Infections and infestations Palm heart Indigenous Muinane Colombia Human Food Food Palm heart Indigenous Muinane Colombia Environmental Ornamental Not specified Indigenous Muinane Colombia Medicinal and Veterinary Digestive system Palm heart Indigenous Muinane Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Not specified Indigenous Muinane Colombia Other N/A Stem Indigenous Muinane Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Muinane Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Not specified Indigenous Muinane Colombia Cultural Recreational Palm heart Indigenous Muinane Colombia Cultural Personal adornment Not specified Indigenous Muinane Colombia Cultural Personal adornment Not specified Indigenous Muinane Colombia Cultural Recreational Palm heart Indigenous Muinane Colombia Cultural Cloth and accessories Not specified Indigenous Muinane Colombia Cultural Cloth and accessories Not specified Indigenous Muinane Colombia Medicinal and Veterinary Digestive system Palm heart Indigenous Muinane Colombia Other N/A Stem Indigenous Muinane Colombia Human Food Food Palm heart Indigenous Muinane Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Not specified Indigenous Muinane Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Not specified Indigenous Muinane Colombia Other N/A Stem Indigenous Muinane Colombia Environmental Ornamental Not specified Indigenous Muinane Colombia Environmental Ornamental Not specified Indigenous Muinane Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Not specified Indigenous Muinane Colombia Medicinal and Veterinary Digestive system Palm heart Indigenous Muinane Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Not specified Indigenous Muinane Colombia Medicinal and Veterinary Infections and infestations Palm heart Indigenous Muinane Colombia - Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace: Sus frutos, de pulpa amarillenta, son una fuente importante de alimento para la fauna silvestre, como chanchos de tropa, taitetús, jochis, guasos, y pequeños roedores; además se puede extraer aceite de ellos. (Gutiérrez-Vásquez, C.A. and R. Peralta 2001: Palmas comunes de Pando, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (as Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace))
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Animal Food Wildlife attractant Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia Human Food Food Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia Human Food Food Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia Animal Food Wildlife attractant Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia Animal Food Wildlife attractant Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia Human Food Food Fruits Not identified N/A Bolivia - Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace: También se come el coco de su fruto. Con su fibra se elaboran hamacas y otros utensilios tales como pulseras, collares y tensores de arcos. Las mujeres colectan las hojas jóvenes de las palmas y luego, en el campamento, se encargan de preparar la fibra que van empatando en pedazos hasta de 60 cm. (Cárdenas, D., and Politis, G.G. 2000: Territorio, movilidad, etnobotánica y manejo del bosque de los Nukak Orientales (as Astrocaryum aculeatum Wallace))
Use Category Use Sub Category Plant Part Human Group Ethnic Group Country Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Cultural Personal adornment Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Cultural Personal adornment Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Domestic Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Utensils and Tools Hunting and fishing Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia Human Food Food Fruits Indigenous Nukak Colombia Cultural Personal adornment Spear leaf Indigenous Nukak Colombia
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